Seyfarth Synopsis: On Friday, August 9, 2019, Governor J. B. Pritzker signed a wide-ranging bill that, among other things, encompasses the Workplace Transparency Act. The Act, which will impact nearly every employer in Illinois: significantly restricts inclusion of non-disclosure and non-disparagement provisions in employment agreements, separation agreements, and settlement agreements; limits an employer’s ability to “unilaterally” require certain terms (including mandatory arbitration) as a condition of employment; creates annual training and disclosure requirements to the Illinois Department of Human Rights, and establishes new civil penalties for non-compliance. The new law includes additional requirements specific to restaurants, bars, hotels, and casinos. Those requirements take effect immediately, whereas the broader employment law changes take effect January 1, 2020.
The bill signed by the Governor is SB75, which was passed by the Illinois Senate on June 10, 2019, having passed in the General Assembly earlier that month. As originally drafted, SB75, titled the “Hotel Casino Employee Safety Act,” requires hotels and casinos to provide a safety device or notification device to employees who works in guest rooms, restrooms, or on a casino floor “under circumstances where no other employee is present in the room or area” for summoning help if the employee reasonably believes there is an ongoing crime, sexual harassment or assault or other emergency. SB75, as enacted, also requires hotels and casinos to develop or modify their anti-sexual harassment policies “to protect employees against sexual assault and sexual harassment by guests.”
While SB 75 was pending, an amendment was introduced (and ultimately passed) to add the Workplace Transparency Act (sometimes below “WTA” or the “Act”). Unlike the original Hotel Casino Employee Safety Act, the WTA applies to all employers and creates multiple new substantive protections and compliance requirements, in the name of “ensur[ing] that all parties to a contract for the performance of services understand and agree to the mutual promises and consideration therein, and to protect the interest of this State in ensuring all workplaces are free of unlawful discrimination and harassment.”
New Rules for Employment Contracts and Policies
At the outset, the WTA sets out rules applicable to all employment agreements entered into, extended, or modified on or after January 1, 2020, without exception. These and other agreement-related provisions reflect a legislative trend at the state level in reaction to or as part of #MeToo developments. The Act first provides:
No contract, agreement, clause, covenant, waiver, or other document shall prohibit, prevent, or otherwise restrict an employee, prospective employee, or former employee from reporting any allegations of unlawful conduct to federal, State, or local officials for investigation, including, but not limited to, alleged criminal conduct or unlawful employment practices.
To the extent any contract, or provision thereof, is found to violate the Act, it is “against public policy,” void, and severable from any otherwise enforceable contractual provisions.
Earlier versions of the Act had contained specific restatements of anti-retaliation principles applicable to the reporting of harassment or retaliation. The removal of those provisions from the final Act, however, are likely immaterial, given existing anti-retaliation provisions of other federal, state, and local laws.
Rules Governing Other Types of Agreements
In addition to these employment contract rules, the Act also restricts discrimination-related confidentiality provisions in other types of agreements.
Unilateral Contracts & Policies
Non-negotiated employment contracts and policies that must be signed as a condition of employment cannot prohibit making truthful statements or disclosures about alleged unlawful employment practices (i.e., discrimination and harassment), unless the following conditions are satisfied:
- The provision must be in writing;
- It must demonstrate actual, knowing, and bargained-for consideration from both parties; and
- It must acknowledge certain fundamental employee rights, including those to: ?Report good faith allegations of unlawful discrimination or harassment to an appropriate agency;
- Report good faith allegations of criminal conduct to an appropriate government official;
- Participate in a proceeding with an appropriate federal, state, or local government agency;
- Make truthful statements or disclosures required by law, regulation, or legal process; and
- Request or receive confidential legal advice.
Only if all these provisions are satisfied can any employment contract or policy prohibit making truthful statements or disclosures about alleged discrimination and harassment.
Arbitration Agreements
Where an employee or applicant is required to accept mandatory arbitration as a condition of his or her employment, the arbitration agreement must satisfy all requirements listed above for non-negotiated employment contracts.
As originally conceived, the WTA also purported to require that, to be valid as to any claim, an arbitration agreement must contain a written exception for claims of harassment or other discrimination, and allow the employee to elect whether to bring such claims in either a judicial or arbitral forum. Perhaps sensing that such a provision was likely to conflict with, and be preempted by, the Federal Arbitration Act, that requirement was dropped from the final bill. Instead, the enacted law provides only that, unless it satisfies the rules above for conditions of employment to be enforceable:
Any agreement, clause, covenant, or waiver that is a unilateral condition of employment or continued employment and requires the employee or prospective employee to waive, arbitrate, or otherwise diminish any existing or future claim, right, or benefit related to an unlawful employment practice to which the employee or prospective employee would otherwise be entitled under any provision of State or federal law, is against public policy, void to the extent it denies an employee or prospective employee a substantive or procedural right or remedy related to alleged unlawful employment practices, and severable from an otherwise valid and enforceable contract under this Act.
The enacted version of the WTA also drops the original’s list of items which, unless drafted by the employee, were presumed to be “unconscionable”:
- Any requirement that claims be resolved in “inconvenient venue”—principally, a venue other than the one where the employee or applicant resides, or where the contract was formed;
- Any waiver of rights to assert claims or seek remedies provided by state or federal statute (including, presumably, a waiver of the right to assert claims on a class basis);
- Any waiver of punitive damages;
- Any shortened statute of limitations; or
- Any requirement to pay fees and costs in excess of those required to bring claims in court.
While no longer included in the WTA, these “rebuttable presumptions” are common reasons why courts have held arbitration agreements to be unconscionable as a matter of contract law.
Separation and Settlement Agreements
The Act also establishes detailed limits on confidentiality provisions that are oftentimes included in separation and settlement agreements. While the Act does not limit the parties from agreeing to confidentiality regarding the terms of the agreement itself, it prohibits employers from “unilaterally” including any clause that prohibits an individual from “making truthful statements or disclosures regarding unlawful employment practices.” In order for the parties to agree on valid, enforceable confidentiality provisions related to harassment or other discrimination allegations, the agreement must demonstrate that:
- Confidentiality mutually benefits both parties, and is the documented preference of the employee, prospective employee, or former employee;
- The employer has notified the employee, prospective employee, or former employee, in writing, of his or her right to have an attorney or representative review the agreement prior to execution;
- There is valid, bargained-for consideration in exchange for the confidentiality;
- The settlement or termination agreement does not waive any claims of unlawful employment practices that have not yet accrued;
- The employee received the written agreement with at least 21 days to consider whether to sign it; and
- The employee was given at least 7 calendar days after signing the agreement to revoke it, or expressly waived the right to do so.
The WTA’s 21 and 7-day periods parallel those under the federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act (“ADEA”), as amended by the Older Workers Benefit Protection Act. In order for the employer to obtain a valid age waiver under ADEA, the employee must be provided 21 days to consider the agreement before signing and 7 days after signing in which to revoke the agreement. However, the 21-day ADEA period can be waived (the employee can sign at any point during that period); the same is true under WTA. Under both laws, the agreement takes effect once the revocation period expires (provided the employee hasn’t revoked).
How all this will affect negotiation and execution of discrimination settlements in practice remains to be seen. Things will be different; that much is clear. Up until now, counsel for one or both parties frequently want a harassment settlement signed as soon as possible, lest the other party get cold feet and try to back out. Likewise, judges and mediators who oversee and facilitate settlement encourage signature as soon as possible before the deal can unravel. Under WTA, if an Illinois employee or complainant wants confidentiality, s/he can take up to 21 days to make sure of that; and another 7 days after signing to change his/her mind and revoke.
Exceptions to Limits on Confidentiality
The Act contains only two significant exceptions to the restrictions on an employer’s ability to require confidentiality in employment, separation or settlement agreements.
(1) The Act’s restrictions do not apply to terms of collective bargaining agreement and, to the extent a conflict exists, the terms in the CBA govern.
(2) The Act does not prevent an employer from requiring the following to maintain confidentiality as to allegations made by others:
- Employees who, as part of their assigned job duties, “receive complaints or investigate allegations relating to unlawful employment practices,” or “otherwise have access to confidential personnel information”;
- Employees and third parties who are asked to participate in and maintain the confidentiality of an investigation of unlawful employment practices while the investigation is pending and thereafter;
- Employees and third parties who receive attorney work product and/or attorney-client privileged information implicating an unlawful employment practice as part of any dispute, controversy, or legal claim;
- Any other individual subject to a legal or evidentiary privilege by law; or
- Any third party engaged or hired by an employer for the purpose of investigating complaints of an unlawful employment practice.
Enforcement and Remedies
Agreement provisions found to violate any part of the Act will be considered void under Illinois law and severed from the agreement; other agreement terms will remain in effect. Where an employee successfully challenges the enforceability of a contract (but not an employment policy) that is determined to violate the Act, the employee is entitled to recover attorney’s fees and costs incurred in doing so.
Additional Provisions Beyond Those Restricting Contracts
Apart from provisions governing employment, separation and settlement agreements, the Workplace Transparency Act also includes:
IHRA Amendments
The Act amends existing Illinois Human Rights Act protections in three material ways.
(1) It expands the IHRA’s prohibition of harassment and other discrimination based on “perceived” protected characteristics.
- Previously, causes of action for “perceived” harassment or other forms of discrimination were limited to disability claims. Under the WTA’s expanded protections, employees will be able to pursue claims alleging they were subjected to unwelcome conduct based on a protected characteristic their employer “perceived” them to have, regardless of whether the individual actually has that characteristic.
(2) It amends the IHRA to specifically protect “nonemployees” such as contractors and consultants.
- This change would allow employers otherwise subject to the IHRA to be held liable for harassing conduct which substantially interferes with an independent contractor or consultant’s work performance, or which creates an intimidating, hostile or offensive working environment for them as members of a protected class.
(3) It clarifies that the definition of “working environment” is not limited to a physical location where an employee is assigned to perform his or her duties.
Mandatory Annual Disclosures
While the bulk of the Workplace Transparency Act is set to take effect January 1, 2020, the Act also provides that, beginning July 1, 2020, and by July 1 of every year after, covered employers must disclose the following information annually to IDHR:
- The total number of adverse judgments or administrative rulings against the employer during the preceding year in any discrimination case under any law—federal or state;
- Whether any equitable relief was ordered against the employer in any adverse judgment or administrative ruling; and
- The total number of adverse judgments or administrative rulings, broken down by protected characteristics, in the following categories:
- sexual harassment;
- discrimination or harassment on the basis of sex;
- discrimination or harassment on the basis of race, color, or national origin;
- discrimination or harassment on the basis of religion;
- discrimination or harassment on the basis of age;
- discrimination or harassment on the basis of disability;
- discrimination or harassment on the basis of military status or unfavorable discharge from military status;
- discrimination or harassment on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity; and
- discrimination or harassment on the basis of any other characteristic protected under this Act.
In addition, during the course of an investigation, the Act allows an IDHR investigator to require and employer to submit the total number of settlements entered into during the preceding 5 years (or less, at IDHR’s direction), that relate to any alleged act of sexual harassment or unlawful discrimination that: (1) occurred in the workplace of the employer; or (2) involved the behavior of an employee of the employer or a corporate executive of the employer, without regard to whether that behavior occurred in the workplace of the employer. If the investigator requests this information, the employer is required to disclosure the total number of settlements entered into during the requested period, along with a breakdown of those settlements by the categories of protected characteristic set forth above.
Although the information in these disclosures will not be subject to disclosure under a FOIA request, IDHR is required to publish an annual, publicly available report, aggregating all disclosed information, without identifying any reporting employer. In addition, failure to comply with reporting obligations could result in civil penalties up to $5,000 per offense, depending on employer size and the number of violations.
Mandatory Annual Sexual Harassment Prevention Training
Upon taking effect, the Act requires employers to provide annual sexual harassment prevention training to all employees, which must at minimum:
- Define sexual harassment;
- Provide examples of prohibited conduct;
- State that it is the employer’s responsibility to prevent, investigate and address sexual harassment; and
- Summarize federal and state laws addressing sexual harassment, and available remedies for violation thereof.
While there is no word on when it will be available, the Act requires that IDHR make available a model sexual harassment prevention training program that meets these criteria. Once published, employers must either use the model program or establish training that exceeds the minimum standards provided by the model training.
As with the annual disclosures, noncompliance with this section may subject employers to civil penalties up to $5,000 per offense.
Additional Training and Policy Requirements for Bars and Restaurants
The Act would require all bars and restaurants in the state to provide employees a written sexual harassment policy in English and Spanish within the first calendar week of employment, as well as providing supplemental training in English and Spanish.
Amendment to Illinois Victims’ Economic Security and Safety Act (VESSA)
VESSA currently requires employers to provide 4-12 weeks of unpaid, job-protected leave (or other reasonable accommodations) to obtain medical, psychological, or other services after an employee experiences domestic or sexual violence. The Act amends VESSA to include gender violence among the qualifying reasons for taking leave under VESSA.
Employer Takeaways
The WTA is a sweeping law that will impact policies and practices of nearly all employers in Illinois. Accordingly, employers should begin now to review their current agreements and policies to assess whether they are consistent with WTA mandates; if not, agreement templates and policies should be revised—or new ones created—to bring those and the employer’s practices more generally into compliance before the January 1 effective date.
In particular, employers will likely need to evaluate separation agreements and any settlement templates, confidentiality and non-disclosure language in various forms of agreements, and any existing arbitration policies. While the Act does not ban confidentiality agreements or arbitration agreements outright, it will invalidate those (or the invalid portions thereof) that don’t comply, and subject employers to paying the employee’s attorneys’ fees if the employee prevails in challenging an agreement or policy under the Act.
Besides revising or replacing existing policies and agreement templates, employers will need to start preparing for and planning to implement sexual harassment training that complies with the model training program, once released, as well as for tracking and reporting the information required in the annual disclosures to IDHR, and those that can be required during investigation of a charge.