Trade Secrets Lawyers & Attorneys : Seyfarth Shaw Law Firm : Computer Fraud, Confidentiality Agreements, Corporate Espionage

 In RBC Dominion Securities Inc. v. Merrill Lynch Canada Inc., 2008 SCC 54, the Supreme Court of Canada recently addressed a verdict against a group of departing employees by a British Columbia trial court.

RBC operated an office in Cranbrook, British Columbia. In November 2000, almost every employee in the office abruptly resigned and moved to Merrill Lynch.  Don Delamont, the RBC branch manager, coordinated the move.  The departing employees copied and retained a number of files relating to RBC customers before resigning.

RBC sued, asserting the following claims:

• Against its former employees for breach of fiduciary duty, breach of implied contractual term not to compete unfairly upon leaving RBC’s employ, breach of implied contractual term to give reasonable notice of termination, and an action for misuse of confidential information;
   
• Against Merrill Lynch and its local manager James Michaud for breach of duty in tort for inducing RBC staff to terminate their contracts of employment without notice and to breach their contractual obligation not to compete unfairly; and 
   
• Against all the respondents for conspiracy and conversion, the latter related to the removal of documents known to be the property of RBC.

The trial court found for RBC and awarded damgaes on a variety of theories against the departing employees, Merrill Lynch, and Michaud.

On appeal, the British Columbia Court of Appeal overturned two categories of damages: (1) an award of five years worth of lost profits in the amount of $1,483,239 against Delamont for breaching his duty of good faith by coordinating the departure of almost all of the employees from the office that he supervised; and (2) an award of $225,000 for unfair competition against the departing employees.

On review by the Supreme Court of Canada, the highest court reinstated the award against Delamont, rejecting the Court of Appeal’s reasoning that the collapse of the branch was not a foreseeable result of Delamont orchestrating the departure of the office’s investment advisors. Instead, the Supreme Court concluded that Delamont had a duty of good faith (akin to the duty of loyalty set forth in most American states) to manage and retain the investment advisors at his branch.  The Court also decided that Delamont violated that duty by facilitating the resignation of the investment advisors and that Delamont was therefore liable for RBC’s lost profits incurred as a result of the collapse of the branch.  Notably, the dissent points out that the trial court decided that Delamont did not owe a fiduciary duty to RBC. Therefore, the dissent attacks any award of damages against Delamont based on the judicial creation of a category of "quasi-fiduciary" employees who are liable to their employers if they do not perform their job duties properly.

From there, the Supreme Court decision focuses primarily on the proper calculation of damages, finding that a former branch manager can be liable for five years' worth of lost profits for facilitating the departure of the employees under his supervision.

In contrast, the Supreme Court overturned the award of $225,000 for unfair competition against the departing employees to the extent that it was awarded based on a duty not to compete. The Court held that employees in Canada owe a duty to provide reasonable notice to their employers before resigning, but that they do not owe a duty not to compete during the notice period (absent a non-compete agreement establishing otherwise). The case highlights a difference between Canadian and American law: the requirement in Canada that an employee provide "reasonable notice" before resigning. And, courts in Canada have discretion to determine what that reasonable notice period will be.

The trial court determined that a reasonable notice period for the employees would have been 2.5 weeks and thus assessed damages in the amount of $40,000 against the employees for failing to provide notice. The Supreme Court held that this category of damages was proper, but the additional award of $225,000 based on the departing employees' competing during the 2.5 week period was not proper because the employees were not required to refrain from competing.

The Supreme Court further found that the $225,000 award against the departing employees could not be based on the departing employees’ retention of RBC documents because any award for lost profits resulting from the retention and use of the documents was covered already by the lost profits award against Delamont.

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TalentBurst, Inc. v. Collabera, Inc., Civ. No. 08-10940-WGY (D. Mass. July 25, 2008).

A federal court in Boston has dismissed a complaint brought by information technology temp agency TalentBurst against competitor Collabera for aiding and abetting a breach of fiduciary duty by TalentBurst’s former employee, who subsequently joined Collabera, on the ground that the employee owed no fiduciary duty of loyalty to TalentBurst.

Raj Mohan Pallerla was hired by TalentBurst as a systems administrator and, as a condition of his employment, was required to sign an employment agreement that included non-compete and non-solicitation provisions. While employed by TalentBurst, Pallerala performed work for one of Collabera’s clients pursuant to a consulting services agreement between the two firms. Immediately after resigning from TalentBurst, Pallerla became employed by Collabera where he continued without interruption servicing the same Collabera client he had serviced while employed by TalentBurst. In response to TalentBurst’s letter demanding that it enforce Pallerla’s restrictive covenant, Collabera asserted that TalentBurst had waived enforcement of the covenant by entering into the consulting services agreement with Collabera.

TalentBurst brought suit against Collabera alleging that Collabera aided and abetted Pallerla’s breach of his fiduciary duty to TalentBurst. The court, however, rejected this claim because Pallerla’s job title, duties, and the fact that he was hired out to clients while at TalentBurst demonstrated that he was a “worker bee” rather than a manager, executive, or officer. Thus, under Massachusetts law he owed no fiduciary duty of loyalty to his employer. The court concluded that because there was no predicate breach of fiduciary duty by Pallerla, and no direct fiduciary relationship between TalentBurst and Collabera, the claim must fail. 

Of particular interest, the court noted that TalentBurst failed to allege that Pallerla “was entrusted with confidential information or that other special circumstances existed such that he could be said to have occupied a position of ‘trust and confidence.’” In a footnote, the court further observed that “although it is clear that the employment agreement, including the Covenant, created contractual duties on Pallerla’s part, TalentBurst cites no authority for the proposition that the signing of a restrictive covenant also creates a fiduciary obligation.”

Based on this conclusion, the court also dismissed TalentBurst’s claim for tortious interference because the “aiding and abetting” was the sole basis upon which TalentBurst alleged that it had satisfied the element requiring improper means or motive. The court went on to consider whether Collabera’s interference with the restrictive covenant itself created a presumption that Collabera had an improper motive. Although other Massachusetts state court cases suggested this might be sufficient, the court found those cases distinguishable because in those cases the defendants obtained and used confidential information through the employee, whereas here there was no allegation that Collabera did anything more than simply hire TalentBurst’s employee. In addition, the court concluded that Collabera might have had a legitimate motive for hiring Pallerla, namely to save money by employing him directly.

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Associated Press (Anna Jo Bratton) is reporting that a state district court judge in Lancaster County, Nebraska tagged two Nebraska Municipal Power Pool executives with millions of dollars in damages arising out of their scheme to use American Public Energy Agency's "company information, financial data and copyrighted material."  View Article. It appears that Nebraska Municipal Power Pool ("NMPP") previously provided services to American Public Energy Agency.  Then the two NMPP executives decided to create their own agency to compete with American Public Energy Agency.  AP also reports that the two executives attempted to steal away American Public Energy Agency's customers in an effort to eliminate or severely harm the company. 

I have not been able to locate a copy of the opinion, but I am hoping that it will be up on a website or a search service soon.   If I find it publicly available, I'll try to post a link to the judge's decision.

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A company's trade secrets may be some of its most important assets.  Recent headlines underscore their importance, and vulnerability:

1. Recently, an employee was arrested at the airport and over 1,000 company proprietary documents containing trade secrets were seized that the employee was attempting to transport with her to her new job.
   
2.  A national retailer recently was hit with a $21.5 million verdict after a jury found the retailer liable for stealing the design of a popular home improvement tool. 
   
3. A former employee recently pleaded guilty in a U.S. District Court in California to stealing proprietary technologies from his former employer and selling or offering them for sale to foreign governments and military contractors.

A survey of companies estimated that in just one year, companies likely were to have lost as much as $53 to $59 billion dollars in proprietary information and intellectual property through theft and misappropriation.  Seeking trade secret counseling and an audit can assist clients to determine best practices to help protect their most important assets.

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One of the nation’s large home builders recently filed suit against a former executive in federal court in Albuquerque, New Mexico for alleged misuse of the company’s trade secrets related to a highly confidential internal strategic plan.

Pulte Home Corporation filed suit against former executive Lynn Galindo, a former area vice president based out of Las Vegas, Nevada, in the United States District Court of New Mexico (Case 1:08-cv-00210-JB-LFG) alleging claims of trade secret misappropriation, conversion, breach of fiduciary duty, breach of contract, fraud, breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and unjust enrichment.

The complaint alleges that shortly before Galindo’s departure from the company, she misappropriated an internal strategic plan related to the Albuquerque housing market and later used it to create a similar plan for a competitor.

According to the complaint, the plan, which cost in excess of $1 million dollars to produce, contained information that would allow a competitor at Pulte’s expense to make informative decisions regarding the “relative health of the market in terms of marco/micro economic and market forces; the size of the mobility of the population within the market; the organization of Pulte’s Target Consumer Groups; the location preferences by consumer group, price sensitivity, product preferences, over-and under-served consumers groups which indicates market opportunity; and the top performing communities in the market organized by Target Consumer Group.” The plan also contained Pulte’s analysis of this data, its strategy for increasing its presence in the market, an “identification of specific challenges of this market and Pulte’s proposed solutions to those challenges.”

According to Pulte’s complaint, “A knowledgeable person would be able to use Pulte’s . . . [strategic plan] to assess the viability of a specific location (or multiple locations), understand the best opportunities for targeting specific consumer groups in the locations under evaluation and be able to fine tune a product offering in terms of community layout, community design, community amenities, lot size and configuration, floor plan selection and specifications of homes.”

According to the suit, Pulte provided Galindo with notice of her termination in the spring of 2007 as part of a reduction in force. Galindo negotiated a lucrative severance package that paid her nearly $300,000 in severance pay, bonuses and other compensation. Pulte claims Galindo conspired to obtain the strategic plan while she was negotiating her severance from the company and that if it would have known she had obtained the highly confidential plan that it would not have entered the severance agreement. Galindo apparently obtained the plan by contacting a subordinate and induced the employee to send her a copy prior to her separation.

During Galindo’s employment and as part of her severance agreement, Galiando signed agreements to keep Pulte’s proprietary information, such as the strategic plan, confidential, according to the complaint. Pulte claims that Galindo agreed to provide a developer in the Albuquerque area with a marketing study and used material from Pulte's confidential strategic plan in the report.

The case has yet to be set for trial and has been assigned to District Judge James O. Browning and Magistrate Judge Lorenzo F. Garcia.

This case highlights the need for employers to review the activities of departing employees shortly before their departure to ensure that company confidential/trade secret information has not been compromised and that the employees understand their continued confidentiality obligations to the company. Employers should consider reviewing these employees’ e-mail activity and access to proprietary databases prior to their departure, as well as remind other employees to report any suspicious activities, to attempt to safeguard company secrets.

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